Antibacterial Activity Of Boiled Red Galangal (Alpinia Purpurata) Extract Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Keywords:
alpinia, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, agen anti-bakter, ekstrak didihan
Abstract
Infeksi Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) terus meningkat selama beberapa dekade terakhir, sehingga menjadi tantangan besar bagi kesehatan masyarakat dan mendorong pencarian agen antimikroba baru. Lengkuas merah (Alpinia purpurata), tumbuhan endemik Indonesia, telah menunjukkan potensi sebagai agen antimikroba alami dalam berbagai studi sebelumnya. Namun, data spesifik mengenai efektivitasnya terhadap MRSA masih terbatas. Penelitian kami bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak lengkuas merah yang direbus terhadap MRSA. Lengkuas merah diekstraksi dengan cara direbus dalam air. Ekstrak yang dihasilkan kemudian diencerkan dengan air suling untuk memperoleh konsentrasi sebesar 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,13%, dan 1,56%. Aktivitas antibakteri diuji terhadap dua isolat klinis MRSA dan satu isolat MRSA ATCC 33591 menggunakan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer. Ekstrak lengkuas merah rebus menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap MRSA. Zona hambat yang terbentuk berkisar antara 17,9 mm hingga 30,16 mm pada berbagai konsentrasi yang diuji. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang lebih tinggi menghasilkan zona hambat yang lebih besar, yang mengindikasikan efek antibakteri yang bergantung pada konsentrasi. Ekstrak lengkuas merah rebus menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang menjanjikan terhadap MRSA. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif spesifik yang bertanggung jawab atas efek ini serta untuk mengeksplorasi potensi penggunaannya dalam aplikasi klinis.References
1] Kluytmans J, Harbarth S. MRSA transmission in the community: emerging from under the radar. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(2):147–9.
[2] Lee AS, De Lencastre H, Garau J, Kluytmans J, Malhotra-Kumar S, Peschel A, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2018;4(1):18033.
[3] Amelia S, Kusumawati RL, Hasibuan M, Winda L, Balatif R, Ivander A. Prevalence of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) and exfoliative toxin A (eta) gene within methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an urban tertiary hospital: A molecular epidemiology pilot study. F1000Research. 2024;12:1002.
[4] Okwu MU, Olley M, Akpoka AO, Izevbuwa OE. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anti-MRSA activities of extracts of some medicinal plants: A brief review. AIMS Microbiol. 2019;5(2):117–37.
[5] Gorlenko CL, Kiselev HY, Budanova E V., Zamyatnin AA, Ikryannikova LN. Plant secondary metabolites in the battle of drugs and drug-resistant bacteria: New heroes or worse clones of antibiotics? Antibiotics. 2020;9(4).
[6] Ye L, Zhang J, Xiao W, Liu S. Efficacy and mechanism of actions of natural antimicrobial drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;216:107671.
[7] Priyono QAP, Yusniasari PA, Alifiansyah MRT, Suryanto GY, Widyowati R, Herdiansyah MA, et al. Ethnomedical Potentials, Phytochemicals, and Medicinal Profile of Alpinia galanga L.: A Comprehensive Review. BIO Integr. 2024;5:982.
[8] Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) Dalam Angka. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia. 2023.
[9] Silalahi M, Nisyawati, Purba EC, Abinawanto DW, Wahyuningtyas RS. Ethnobotanical Study of Zingiberaceae Rhizomes as Traditional Medicine Ingredients by Medicinal Plant Traders in the Pancur Batu Traditional Market, North Sumatera, Indonesia. J Trop Ethnobiol. 2021 Jul 22;4(2):78–95.
[10] Rambey R, Nelasufa F, Athoriez APM, Solihin S, Rahmawaty R, Susilowati A, et al. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by indigenous community of Aek Guo Village, Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas J Biol Divers. 2024 Apr 2;25(3).
[11] Aljobair MO. Chemical composition, antimicrobial properties, and antioxidant activity of galangal rhizome. Food Sci Technol. 2022;42:e45622.
[12] Rialita T, Radiani H, Alfiah D. Antimicrobial activity of the combination of red galangal (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) essential oils on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1217:012132.
[13] Kochuthressia K, Britto S, Jaseentha M, Raj L, Senthilkumar S. Antimicrobial efficacy of extracts from Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum. against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. ABJNA. 2010;1:1249–52.
[14] Hikmawanti NPE, Fatmawati S, Asri AW. The Effect of Ethanol Concentrations as the Extraction Solvent on Antioxidant Activity of Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) Leaves Extracts. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2021;755:012060.
[15] Jitrangsri K, Chaidedgumjorn A, Satiraphan M. Effect of ethanol percentage upon various extraction methods of peanut based on antioxidant activity with trans-resveratrol and total phenolic contents. Pharm Sci Asia. 2020;47(2):164-172.
[16] Lohvina H, Sandor M, Wink M. Effect of Ethanol Solvents on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Seed Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Varieties and Determination of Phenolic Composition by HPLC-ESI-MS. Diversity. 2022;14(1):7.
[17] Bebek Markovinović A, Milošević S, Teslić N, Pavlić B, Putnik P, Brčić Karačonji I, Jurica K, Lasić D, Bursać Kovačević D. Development of a Pressurized Green Liquid Extraction Procedure to Recover Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds from Strawberry Tree Fruit (Arbutus unedo L.). Plants (Basel). 2023;12(10):2006.
[18] Al Ubeed HMS, Bhuyan DJ, Alsherbiny MA, Basu A, Vuong QV. A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis. Molecules. 2022;27(3):604.
[19] Fransiska A, Oenzil F, Rafke HD. Perbandingan Efektifitas Antibakteri Infusum Lengkuas Putih dan Merah terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Cakradonya Dent J. 2017;9(2):101-106.
[20] Karunarathne PUHS, Thammitiyagodage MG, Weerakkody NS. Antibiofilm Activity of Galangal (Alpinia galanga) Against Staphylococcus aureus. Food Processing & Nutritional Science. 2020;1(2):123-131.
[21] Sunilson JAJ, Suraj R, Rejitha G, Anandarajagopal K, Kumari AVAG, Promwichit P. In vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Extracts as Natural Food Preservatives. American Journal of Food Technology. 2009;4(5):192-200.
[22] Kumowal S, Fatimawali, Jayanto I. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Nanopartikel Ekstrak Lengkuas Putih (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) Terhadap Bakteri K. pneumoniae. Pharmacon. 2019;8(4):781-790.
[23] Prihannensia M, Winarsih S, Achmad A. Uji Aktivitas Gel dan Ekstrak Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis secara in-vitro. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia. 2018;4(1):23-28.
[24] Puspita IT, Muflihah CH. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak dan Fraksi Rimpang Lengkuas Putih (Alpinia galanga) Terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Bacillus subtilis serta Bioautografinya. Usadha: Journal of Pharmacy. 2023;2(2):144-162.
[25] Eff ARY, Rahayu ST. The Antibacterial Effects of Essential Oil from Galangal Rhizome Alpinia Galanga (Linn.) Pierreon Rat (Rattus norvegicus L.) were Infected by Salmonella Typhi. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2016;9(Suppl 1):189-193.
[26] Prakatthagomol W, Klayraung S, Okonogi S. Bactericidal action of Alpinia galanga essential oil on food-borne bacteria. Drug Discov Ther. 2011;5(2):84-89.
[27] Oonmetta-aree J, Suzuki T, Gasaluck P, Eumkeb G. Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus. LWT. 2006;39(10):1214-1220.
[28] Popova M, Bankova V. Contemporary methods for the extraction and isolation of natural products. BMC Chem. 2023;17(1):68.
[29] Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants (Basel). 2017;6(4):42.
[30] Kumono AC. Teknologi Ekstraksi Senyawa Bahan Aktif dari Tanaman Obat. Yogyakarta: Plantaxia; 2015. hlm. 25-48.
[2] Lee AS, De Lencastre H, Garau J, Kluytmans J, Malhotra-Kumar S, Peschel A, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2018;4(1):18033.
[3] Amelia S, Kusumawati RL, Hasibuan M, Winda L, Balatif R, Ivander A. Prevalence of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) and exfoliative toxin A (eta) gene within methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an urban tertiary hospital: A molecular epidemiology pilot study. F1000Research. 2024;12:1002.
[4] Okwu MU, Olley M, Akpoka AO, Izevbuwa OE. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anti-MRSA activities of extracts of some medicinal plants: A brief review. AIMS Microbiol. 2019;5(2):117–37.
[5] Gorlenko CL, Kiselev HY, Budanova E V., Zamyatnin AA, Ikryannikova LN. Plant secondary metabolites in the battle of drugs and drug-resistant bacteria: New heroes or worse clones of antibiotics? Antibiotics. 2020;9(4).
[6] Ye L, Zhang J, Xiao W, Liu S. Efficacy and mechanism of actions of natural antimicrobial drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;216:107671.
[7] Priyono QAP, Yusniasari PA, Alifiansyah MRT, Suryanto GY, Widyowati R, Herdiansyah MA, et al. Ethnomedical Potentials, Phytochemicals, and Medicinal Profile of Alpinia galanga L.: A Comprehensive Review. BIO Integr. 2024;5:982.
[8] Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) Dalam Angka. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia. 2023.
[9] Silalahi M, Nisyawati, Purba EC, Abinawanto DW, Wahyuningtyas RS. Ethnobotanical Study of Zingiberaceae Rhizomes as Traditional Medicine Ingredients by Medicinal Plant Traders in the Pancur Batu Traditional Market, North Sumatera, Indonesia. J Trop Ethnobiol. 2021 Jul 22;4(2):78–95.
[10] Rambey R, Nelasufa F, Athoriez APM, Solihin S, Rahmawaty R, Susilowati A, et al. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by indigenous community of Aek Guo Village, Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas J Biol Divers. 2024 Apr 2;25(3).
[11] Aljobair MO. Chemical composition, antimicrobial properties, and antioxidant activity of galangal rhizome. Food Sci Technol. 2022;42:e45622.
[12] Rialita T, Radiani H, Alfiah D. Antimicrobial activity of the combination of red galangal (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) essential oils on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1217:012132.
[13] Kochuthressia K, Britto S, Jaseentha M, Raj L, Senthilkumar S. Antimicrobial efficacy of extracts from Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum. against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. ABJNA. 2010;1:1249–52.
[14] Hikmawanti NPE, Fatmawati S, Asri AW. The Effect of Ethanol Concentrations as the Extraction Solvent on Antioxidant Activity of Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) Leaves Extracts. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2021;755:012060.
[15] Jitrangsri K, Chaidedgumjorn A, Satiraphan M. Effect of ethanol percentage upon various extraction methods of peanut based on antioxidant activity with trans-resveratrol and total phenolic contents. Pharm Sci Asia. 2020;47(2):164-172.
[16] Lohvina H, Sandor M, Wink M. Effect of Ethanol Solvents on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Seed Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Varieties and Determination of Phenolic Composition by HPLC-ESI-MS. Diversity. 2022;14(1):7.
[17] Bebek Markovinović A, Milošević S, Teslić N, Pavlić B, Putnik P, Brčić Karačonji I, Jurica K, Lasić D, Bursać Kovačević D. Development of a Pressurized Green Liquid Extraction Procedure to Recover Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds from Strawberry Tree Fruit (Arbutus unedo L.). Plants (Basel). 2023;12(10):2006.
[18] Al Ubeed HMS, Bhuyan DJ, Alsherbiny MA, Basu A, Vuong QV. A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis. Molecules. 2022;27(3):604.
[19] Fransiska A, Oenzil F, Rafke HD. Perbandingan Efektifitas Antibakteri Infusum Lengkuas Putih dan Merah terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Cakradonya Dent J. 2017;9(2):101-106.
[20] Karunarathne PUHS, Thammitiyagodage MG, Weerakkody NS. Antibiofilm Activity of Galangal (Alpinia galanga) Against Staphylococcus aureus. Food Processing & Nutritional Science. 2020;1(2):123-131.
[21] Sunilson JAJ, Suraj R, Rejitha G, Anandarajagopal K, Kumari AVAG, Promwichit P. In vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Extracts as Natural Food Preservatives. American Journal of Food Technology. 2009;4(5):192-200.
[22] Kumowal S, Fatimawali, Jayanto I. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Nanopartikel Ekstrak Lengkuas Putih (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) Terhadap Bakteri K. pneumoniae. Pharmacon. 2019;8(4):781-790.
[23] Prihannensia M, Winarsih S, Achmad A. Uji Aktivitas Gel dan Ekstrak Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis secara in-vitro. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia. 2018;4(1):23-28.
[24] Puspita IT, Muflihah CH. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak dan Fraksi Rimpang Lengkuas Putih (Alpinia galanga) Terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Bacillus subtilis serta Bioautografinya. Usadha: Journal of Pharmacy. 2023;2(2):144-162.
[25] Eff ARY, Rahayu ST. The Antibacterial Effects of Essential Oil from Galangal Rhizome Alpinia Galanga (Linn.) Pierreon Rat (Rattus norvegicus L.) were Infected by Salmonella Typhi. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2016;9(Suppl 1):189-193.
[26] Prakatthagomol W, Klayraung S, Okonogi S. Bactericidal action of Alpinia galanga essential oil on food-borne bacteria. Drug Discov Ther. 2011;5(2):84-89.
[27] Oonmetta-aree J, Suzuki T, Gasaluck P, Eumkeb G. Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus. LWT. 2006;39(10):1214-1220.
[28] Popova M, Bankova V. Contemporary methods for the extraction and isolation of natural products. BMC Chem. 2023;17(1):68.
[29] Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants (Basel). 2017;6(4):42.
[30] Kumono AC. Teknologi Ekstraksi Senyawa Bahan Aktif dari Tanaman Obat. Yogyakarta: Plantaxia; 2015. hlm. 25-48.
